The Research Journal publishes new and original research in the fields of development studies, corporate sociology, public policy, psychology, monetary system, political science, linguistics, culture and civilizations, Management science, Islamic finance, English, education, business reforms, regulatory reforms and political economy. The Journal is interested in both theoretical and applied research. Research articles related to public administration and bureaucratic reforms are also welcomed.
Political Culture of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: A Case Study of District Battagram (2013-2018)
The political culture, traditional governance, tribal structure and socio-economic system of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and particularly that of Disrict Battagram has a great significance in the political culture of Pakistan. The politics of District Battagram bears a great imprint on the political dynamics of Khyber pkhtunkhwa. The present study aims at identifying the historical, social and economic determinants of political culture in District Battagram with an attempt to suggest measures for cultivating a more vibrant and participatory political environment. The research design uses a mixed method, an integration of qualitative and quantitative approaches for conducting the research area. The study applies collection of data from primary sources comprising surveys, interviews of experts, and focus group discussions while secondary sources comprise data collection from historical records, academic literature and government reports. Major findings of the study yield recommendations to foster greater political literacy through educational programming and media campaigns with an emphasis on targeted interventions. Empowering marginalized groups including women and the poor strata of the society that has to be considered through policies. Platforms need to be established for people participation in governance to the extent that women need to be inculded into decision making. Reforms need to be introduced to enhance the efficiency and credibility of formal legal and governance institutions to reduce reliance on traditional systems and to garner trust in the formal structure. Key words: Political, Culture, Elections, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Battagram
Copyright (c) 2025 Policy Journal of Social Science Review
Self-Representation Through Creative Skills Amongst Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is usually discussed in terms of deficit-oriented models which focus on social and communicative impairments and do not pay enough attention to the importance of strengths and creativity in shaping a sense of self. The proposed qualitative research investigates the role of creative arts (particularly, visual art, music, and writing) in self-representing and identity development in a high-functioning child with ASD. The proposed study focuses on making a foreground based on the strengths-based and phenomenological approach and drawing upon the creative practices of autistic children as an expression of their lived experiences. The study used mixed qualitative design that comprised of direct observations on creative engagement and semi-structured interviews on parents to have data triangulation. The sample consisted of fifteen high-functioning children with ASD aged between 7 and 12 years who were recruited in urban learning and treatment facilities in Lahore, Pakistan. Thematic analysis framework by Braun and Clarke was used to analyze data and the methodological rigor was guaranteed by iterative coding, the triangulation of the investigator, and partial transcript double-coding. Three themes were identified: (a) creative involvement as a protective place of emotional exploration and regulation, (b) artistic expression as a place of forming the authentic self without social masking, and (c) special interests as one of the sources of creative benefits helping to create a good impression of the self and identity. The results support the idea that creative modalities help children with ASD to externalize complicated emotions, establish individuality, and translate clinically dictated narrow interests into a competence source and empowerment. The researchers conclude that creative arts are crucial in identity formation and emotional health of children with ASD. Focusing on the voices and abilities of autistic people, this study disputes a deficit-oriented perspective and presents culturally sensitive findings that have the potential to transform the inclusive methods of education, therapeutic approaches, and family-support systems. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18047890
THE GEOPOLITICS OF YEMEN CRISIS: A CASE STUDY OF IRAN'S INTEREST AND STRATEGY
The current study explores the geopolitics of the ongoing Yemen crisis, using it as a case study to examine Iran’s interests and strategies in the region. The study aims to investigate Iran’s strategic motivations, the nature of its support for the Houthi rebels, and the broader implications for regional power dynamics, bridging an evidence-based research gap in the context of Middle Eastern geopolitics. A qualitative research design was employed, utilizing content analysis of primary and secondary sources, including official statements, scholarly articles, reports, and media analyses. The analysis categorized findings into strategic considerations, regional objectives, and geopolitical implications. Findings suggest that Iran’s involvement in Yemen is driven by a combination of ideological, security, and hegemonic ambitions, significantly exacerbating regional tensions and transforming Yemen into a proxy battleground with Saudi Arabia. The study concludes that Iran’s strategy in Yemen is a calculated component of its broader pursuit of regional dominance, with complex consequences for stability in the Middle East. Keywords: Yemen, Iran, Geopolitics, Proxy War, Houthi Rebels, Regional Security, Saudi Arabia.
EXAMINING THE ROLE OF DIETARY INTERVENTIONS IN BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT OF AUTISM: PERSPECTIVES FROM HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS, EDUCATORS, AND CAREGIVERS
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with a rising global prevalence, often managed through behavioral therapies. This study employed a quantitative approach, collecting data from 200 participants across Lahore, Islamabad, and Faisalabad using a structured questionnaire, with purposive sampling to ensure participants had direct experience with dietary interventions in autism care. Emerging research suggests that dietary interventions may help address behavioral challenges. This study explores the role of dietary changes, such as gluten-free and casein-free diets, in managing ASD from the perspectives of healthcare professionals, educators, and caregivers. Despite mixed evidence, many stakeholders believe in the potential benefits of dietary interventions, particularly in improving social behavior, communication skills, and emotional regulation. However, significant barriers to implementation exist, including cost, adherence challenges, and a lack of standardized guidelines. The findings underscore the need for further research, professional training, and clear guidelines to effectively integrate dietary strategies into holistic autism care plans. Keywords: Autism, dietary interventions, behavioral management, autism care, gluten-free diet, casein-free diet.
FROM SCROLLERS TO SUPERFANS: HOW CUSTOMER SATISFACTION FUELS BRAND LOYALTY ON INSTAGRAM
This study highlights the relationship of Instagram marketing activities and brand loyalty, with the moderating effect of customer satisfaction. The online shopping platform’s success is associated with the loyalty and satisfaction of its consumers. Using Instagram as a marketing platform can strengthen customer loyalty and, in turn, influence consumer buying behavior in today’s modern era. The impact of Instagram marketing activities and brand loyalty with the moderator effect of customer satisfaction is accentuated in this study using SPSS and AIMOS software. This study is conducted on the basis of 4 hypotheses which are designed according to the relationship between different variables included in the research. The questionnaire is designed keeping in mind the dependent variable brand loyalty and independent variable; Instagram marketing activities with customer satisfaction as a moderator. Clothing brands consumer buying behavior has been selected as the target population with 300 sample size has been kept 300. The researchers have conducted many researches using social media marketing activities and brand loyalty but no one has ever conducted any research using Instagram marketing activities as variables with customer satisfaction as a moderator. The previous researches have worked on different products but clothing brand has been left untouched and unexplored. This is a research gap and in order to fill this research gap, this study has delved into highlighting the relationship between these variables so that it can pave the way for the future researchers and add to the existing legacy of research. Keywords: Instagram marketing activities, brand loyalty, customer satisfaction, clothing brands.
ANALYZING THE EVOLUTION OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE PUBLICATIONS AT KHUSHAL KHAN KHATTAK UNIVERSITY, KARAK: PATTERNS, TRENDS, AND CONTRIBUTIONS THROUGH A CONTENT ANALYSIS APPROACH (UP TO 2024)
Soil salinization is a very common land degradation process, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Under harsh climatic conditions where evaporation is more than precipitation, soluble salts are accumulated in the soil, influencing soil properties with ultimate decline in productivity. In this study soil salinity prediction model is developed based on integrated satellite remote sensing data followed by site observations and geospatial methods. Different spectral indices including Simple Ratio, Normalize Difference Vegetation Index, Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index and Moisture Stress Index were calculated from original bands of Landsat images. Field survey was conducted in Shorkot, Punjab to collect the soil samples and were tested in lab. The results showed that maximum and minimum values of EC was 138.2 and 0.613 dSm-1 respectively. Out of 31 samples 9 samples were found with EC value ≤ 4 and 22 samples represent the saline soils. Combining these satellite based indices and field EC variables into one model yielded the best fit with R2 =0.89. Out of the total area, 9.2% and 18% were identified as moderately and slightly saline, respectively. This shows that a very fine scale spatial variability analysis and modeling of surface soil salinity of large areas is possible using satellite remote sensing data. Key Words: Electrical conductivity; GIS; Prediction model; Salinity model; Salinity index, KKKUK
Exploring the Nexus Between Interest Rates and Poverty in Pakistan: A Macroeconomic Analysis of Transmission Channels and Policy Implications
Poverty remains a persistent challenge in Pakistan, undermining sustainable economic development and social welfare. Understanding the macroeconomic determinants of poverty is crucial for effective policy formulation. This study aims to examine the impact of interest rate fluctuations on poverty levels in Pakistan over the period 1980–2024. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach, the analysis explores both the short-run dynamics and long-run relationship between interest rates and poverty. The results reveal a significant and positive long-run relationship, between selected variables, indicating that higher interest rates exacerbate poverty. Short-run results show mixed effects of interest rate changes on poverty, reflecting complex transmission mechanisms. The study underscores the critical role of interest rate policy in influencing poverty outcomes and highlights the importance of aligning monetary policy with inclusive growth objectives. These findings offer important insights for policymakers to design strategies that mitigate the adverse effects of interest rate fluctuations on vulnerable populations. Keywords: Interest Rate, Poverty, Pakistan, ARDL, Cointegration, Error Correction Model
The Possibility of Pakistan Learning from China’s Anti-corruption Governance: Using a Qualitative and Descriptive Research Approach
Corruption remains one of the biggest challenges to governance and public trust in developing countries. Pakistan is fighting to control corruption despite establishing the anti-corruption institutions and legal framework. However, China has gained remarkable success in curbing corruption through political will and preventive mechanisms. This study examines the possibilities of Pakistan learning from China’s anti-corruption Governance by using a qualitative and descriptive research approach based on secondary sources. This paper analyses the progress of anti-corruption efforts and similarities and differences in anti-corruption mechanisms in China and Pakistan. This study finds that Pakistan cannot directly adopt China’s model due to differences in the political model and governance structure. However, prioritizing corruption prevention measures, strengthening institutions and promoting ethical education can be adopted in Pakistani context. This study concludes that to curb corruption. Pakistan needs strong political will, institutional independence and public support. Learning from China’s experience is a pathway to improve mechanisms and public participation for long-term development. Keywords: Anti-corruption institutions, Corruption, China, Pakistan, Governance
EFFECTS OF SCREEN TIME ON CHILDREN’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: A QUALITATIVE INQUIRY BASED ON SECONDARY DATA
The rise in the use of digital devices has led to an increase in concern about how screen exposure affects the cognitive development of children in the very early years. The purpose of this review is to integrate the existing literature on the impact of screen time on the major cognitive domains, namely: attention, memory, language development, and problem-solving skills. A qualitative document analysis methodology has been utilised for this study to evaluate twin-reviewed articles, systematic reviews, policy guidelines, and theoretical papers from recognised sources. The findings constantly indicated that highly and merely watching screens without any active involvement leads to the slowing down of the language development process, less control over attention, and lower executive functioning. Nevertheless, the power of screen time is greatly dependent on various factors such as the way parents mediate, the socio-economic background, and the quality of the content presented in the digital format. The negative effects were not so strong for educational and interactive media, which, when used properly, can in fact lead to learning benefits. Both the risks and the potential advantages are highlighted in this review, and it supports the need for the use of screens that are balanced, structured, and controlled. Several gaps have been pointed out in the current research, one of which is the inadequacy of the content-specific effects examination. The findings provide a basis for evidence-based recommendations for the direction of parents, educators, and policymakers in their decision-making regarding the exposure of young children to digital media of young children.
Electoral Forms without Democratic Substance: The Persistent Paradox of Elections in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (1932–1977)
The electoral history of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly the North-West Frontier Province) formally began in 1932, following its elevation to a Governor's province under British rule. This study traces the province's political trajectory from that inaugural era of limited franchise through to the turbulent legislative crises of 1977. Adopting a descriptive historical lens, the paper investigates a central paradox of this forty-five-year period: the evolution of electoral "forms" without democratic "substance.” The study navigates the shifting constitutional frameworks—from the colonial Government of India Act to the constitutions of Pakistan—and analyzes how these structures shaped political outcomes. It identifies the major stakeholders, from the early dominance of the Khudai Khidmatgars to the later ideological polarization between the National Awami Party (NAP) and centralist forces. Beyond a mere chronology of results, this paper critically examines the socio-political contexts of each election, highlighting how the promise of universal suffrage was frequently undermined by electoral irregularities and central interference. Ultimately, the study underscores how the struggle for genuine representation defined the province's formative political years. Keywords: Electoral politics, KP, NWFP, Elections, Provincial politics
POLITICAL AWARENESS AMONG PASHTOON WOMEN IN LORALAI, BALOCHISTAN
This study explores political awareness and participation among Pashtoon women in District Loralai, Balochistan. Using semi-structured interviews with 20 women from diverse backgrounds, the research investigates the factors that limit women’s engagement in politics and identifies potential strategies to improve their involvement. The findings reveal that women’s political awareness is severely restricted due to cultural and tribal norms, family restrictions, low literacy and education, limited access to political information, and misinterpretation of religious teachings. Even educated and politically aware women face significant barriers that prevent them from actively participating and spreading awareness. Based on participants’ suggestions, key measures to enhance political engagement include improving female education, organizing political awareness seminars, encouraging family support, providing space within political parties, strengthening government quota initiatives, and promoting mentorship programs. The study concludes that addressing social, cultural, educational, and institutional barriers is essential for empowering women in Loralai to participate meaningfully in political life, contributing to more inclusive and representative governance. Keywords: Political participation, political motivation, political awareness, personal interest, religious alignment, political culture, civic education.
SCROLLING FOR VOTES: EXPLORING THE NEXUS OF SOCIAL MEDIA WITH VOTING BEHAVIOR IN CHAKWAL, PAKISTAN
This study explores the influence of social media as an emerging socio-cultural force shaping voting behavior in Chakwal District, Pakistan, where traditional networks such as family and caste intersect with expanding digital participation. A quantitative survey of 800 registered voters selected through simple random sampling was analyzed using frequencies, percentages, and chi-square tests. Results indicated that 81.4% of respondents use social media daily, primarily Facebook and Instagram, underscoring its centrality in political awareness and engagement. Significant associations were found between voter motivation and exposure to online campaigns, leaders’ digital presence, and political discussions, while purely informational content had a weaker influence. The findings reveal that social media complements rather than replaces traditional sociocultural influences, functioning simultaneously as an information channel and mobilization platform. The study highlights the need for critical digital literacy and responsible engagement within Pakistan’s evolving democratic culture.
NEXT GENERATION ELT DYNAMICS IN PAKISTAN: A STUDY OF LANGUAGE TEACHERS’ DESIGN THINKING COMPETENCY IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LANGUAGE TEACHING (LTDTAILT)
Artificial intelligence has initiated a new wave of teaching and learning English in Pakistan, which can help meet the Next Generation Scientific Standards in the country. This study aims to understand current practices of EFL teachers at the graduate level concerning Next Generation ELT dynamics and to assess teachers’ design thinking competency in artificial intelligence language teaching (LTDTAILT). The research is descriptive and based on a survey. It uses the tool developed by Amir Raza Rahemi (2025) in his study, “Developing and validating the scale of language teachers’ design thinking competency in artificial intelligence language teaching (LTDTAILT),” which includes 22 research items. The questionnaire surveyed 100 EFL teachers at different levels in Pakistan and received 76 responses. SPSS version 27 was employed for data analysis and visualization. An online survey of 76 EFL teachers (44 males, 32 females) was conducted using a purposive sampling method. The analysis results showed a high tendency towards design thinking in language teaching through AI. It is recommended to support next-generation ELT equity and innovation in Pakistan through customized professional development, equitable infrastructure, and curriculum enhancements needed for DT. Key Terms: Next Generation, ELT, ELT Dynamics, Thinking Competency, Language Teacher’s Design Competency, Artificial Intelligence, Artificial Language Teaching
Sustainable Tourism Development and SDG Integration: A Conceptual Mapping
Tourism is widely recognized as a significant contributor to economic, social, and environmental development, making it a critical sector for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, existing literature and practice reveal a fragmented and descriptive understanding of SDG integration in tourism, with limited operational frameworks and weak alignment across micro, meso, and macro levels. This paper proposes a conceptual mapping model for sustainable tourism development that systematically integrates economic, social, and environmental dimensions with measurable indicators, multi-level governance, stakeholder collaboration, and technology-enabled monitoring. Drawing on sustainable development theory, systems thinking, and tourism planning frameworks, the model operationalizes SDG objectives and provides actionable guidance for managers, policymakers, and researchers. The paper also outlines empirically testable propositions, including the effects of systemic SDG mapping on policy coherence and measurable indicators on accountability, offering a foundation for future research and practical implementation. The model enhances theoretical understanding of SDG operationalization in tourism, fosters policy coherence, and supports adaptive management through technology and data-driven decision-making. Additionally, it underscores the importance of multi-level and cross-sector collaboration, ensuring that local, regional, and national strategies are aligned for sustainable outcomes. By providing a comprehensive framework, this study contributes to the advancement of sustainable tourism, offering insights that promote economic growth, social equity, environmental protection, and long-term resilience. The findings have significant implications for policy design, tourism management, and SDG reporting, demonstrating how tourism can serve as a strategic driver of sustainable development. Keywords: Sustainable Tourism, SDG Integration, Systems Thinking, Policy Coherence, Stakeholder Collaboration, Technology-Enabled Monitoring
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENDER NORMS, GENDER EQUALITY AND DEPRESSION AMONG MARRIED INDIVIDUALS
The aim of this study was to examine gender norms, gender equality and depression among young and old married individuals. The sample consisted of 60 old and 100 young married individuals. Convenient and snowball sampling technique was used to collect data. Beck Depression Inventory, Ambivalent Sexism Inventory and Gender Norms Attitude Scale were used. It was found that the old couples have a positive attitude towards gender norms. As compared to the young married couples, old scored low on depression and gender equality. Gender norms had a significantly positive correlation with depression which further showed that individuals who had positive attitude towards gender norms were also prone to depression. And young married females were found to be more depressed as compared to the young married males. Furthermore, they also had showed positive attitude towards both i.e., gender norms and equality. Keywords: Gender Norms, Gender Equality, Married Couples, Depression
A SORRY TALE OF THE EVER-PROBLEMATIC DURAND LINE: EXPLORING THE NATURE OF THE RISING VIOLENCE ACROSS PAKISTAN-AFGHANISTAN BORDER (2021-2025)
The security situation in the South and Central Asian regions has been drastically transformed following the withdrawal of the United States from Afghanistan in August 2021 as the Taliban once again captured the throne quite swiftly turning Afghanistan at the same time a hot zone of unrest making the development troublesome for the neighboring countries in general and for Pakistan in particular owing to the consequent enrichment of the operational capacity of the notorious guerilla outfits including Fitna al Khawarij (formerly known as Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP)), and the Islamic State-Khorasan (IS-K). As a consequence of the increased militancy within the urban centers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan chiefly sponsored by these outfits, the relationship between Pakistan and Afghanistan also transformed radically and both countries have recently (October 2025) been involved in small scale military engagements and skirmishes across the Durand Line while Pakistan occasionally attacking deeper into the Afghan soil and the situation has been turning more and more complex with every passing day. Accordingly, the current study explores the recent security and political developments alongside the Durand Line which are directly associated with the US withdrawal and the subsequent seizure of power by the Taliban Regime in Afghanistan. It finds that without permanently solving the issue of illegal crossings across the Durand Line and undertaking the negotiating process with Afghan authorities, a deep-rooted and long-lasting peaceful society within the state of Pakistan particularly in the neighboring regions of the Pakistan-Afghan border would be quite difficult to materialize.
EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ON CHILDREN AND YOUTH IN PAKISTAN
Domestic violence is among the most dominant social issues in Pakistan, as it impacts not only the females but also the children and young people who tend to be the unseen victims of violence. The dangers of exposure to DV, as victims or witnesses of parental violence, are far-reaching with respect to psychological well-being, educational acquisition, and social growth (Holt, Buckley, and Whelan, 2008). This article is aimed at arguing that the domestic violence impacts on children/youth in Pakistan are long-term and short-term, which factor into cycles of trauma, failure to attend school, ill health, and acceptance of violence within some generations (Ali & Gavino, 2008). The discussion concerning Pakistan's socio-cultural and legal contexts, and the study re-emphasizes the vulnerability of young people due to patriarchal norms, poverty, and inferior institutional support services. Methodologically, the study has relied on a qualitative review of the available literature that includes works of scholars, NGO's reports, and policy documents to discuss the psychological, educational, and health-related effects of DV on the children/youth in Pakistan. The review method will enable the synthesis of disparate evidence and the discernment of omissions in the research and policies. Overall, the paper argues that this problem is not merely a moral concern, but also a developmental concern, and that it must be addressed through multifaceted interventions that span education, health, and the law in Pakistan to protect the largest group of people in Pakistan: the youth. Keywords: Domestic Violence, Children, Pakistan, Effects.
GIRLS’ PRIMARY EDUCATION: A CASE STUDY OF QUETTA
The study examines the quality of girls’ education in Quetta, the provincial capital of Balochistan. Although the district is comparatively better off than other parts of the province in many respects, the state of girls’ education remains deeply compromised and falls below even average standards. Using a mixed-methods approach—combining interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), surveys, and field observations across 40 schools in all parts of Quetta—the study identifies significant gaps between the policy commitments outlined in the Balochistan Education Sector Plan (BESP) 2020–2025 and the realities on the ground. The findings reveal extreme negligence toward these schools, with students’ health, hygiene, and mental well-being adversely affected. Poor infrastructure, lack of funds, unjust distribution of resources, inadequate teacher training for the new syllabus, and, above all, the absence of basic facilities such as electricity, gas, and water further worsen the situation. Ineffective monitoring mechanisms, weak governance, and political interference continue to undermine the delivery of quality education. Schools in peripheral and low-income settlements face particularly harsh conditions, including the absence of counsellors, non-functional libraries and laboratories, and minimal parental engagement. Despite the involvement of NGOs, government support remains largely absent. The study concludes that improving girls’ primary education in Quetta requires political will, targeted investment, transparent governance, strengthened teacher training, community participation, and dedicated primary-level budgeting. It offers evidence-based recommendations to address these systemic challenges and emphasizes that without urgent reforms, girls in Quetta will continue to face barriers that hinder their learning, empowerment, and long-term socio-economic mobility. Keywords: Girls` primary education, Balochistan Education Sector Plan (BESP), Quetta, Education quality, Teachers` training, Policy Implementation.
PAKISTAN-UNITED STATES RELATIONS UNDER TRUMP'S ADMINISTRATION
The paper places the examination inside the context of dependency theory and critically evaluates the development of Pakistan-United States relations under Trump's administration. It explores the intricate interactions between political, military, and economic factors that influenced the two countries' bilateral relations, paying special attention to the limitations of assistance and the transactional character of diplomacy. The paper illustrates how coercive tactics, the suspension of security aid, and reliance on Pakistan's engagement in the Afghan peace process altered the relationship by placing the change from the previous Obama era in context and following Trump's "America First" doctrine. Additionally, the paper examines how Trump's policies have affected Pakistan's regional strategy, nuclear discourse, civil-military dynamics, and domestic political climate, especially with regard to India. A more detailed understanding of the dependency model in practice is made possible by the empirical insights derived from secondary sources, policy statements, and historical records. The results show that although the United States was able to gain tactical cooperation by taking advantage of Pakistan's reliance on military and economic assistance, the lack of sustained confidence undermined strategic alignment and drove Islamabad towards other allies like China. The analysis comes to the conclusion that under Trump, U.S.-Pakistan ties were mostly transactional, influenced more by immediate security concerns than by shared principles. With significant ramifications for upcoming U.S. administrations and Pakistan's changing diplomatic posture, this dynamic highlights the limitations of coercive reliance as a viable foreign policy strategy. Keywords: Pak-US Relations, Trump Administration, America First, Dependency Theory, Aid.
IMPACTS OF POLITICS OF INHERITANCE ON DEMOCRACY IN PAKISTAN: A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN MUSLIM LEAGUE (N)
The politics of inheritance commonly refers to a family in which several members, by blood or marriage, often across several generations or among multiple siblings, are involved in electoral politics. The politics of inheritance is evident in every country where inequality is sometimes observed in the practice of political power. The situation challenges the significance and existence of political equality. Moreover, it is an example of irony living in a democracy. This work sought to analyse the politics of inheritance within the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz). Along with it, study why the family rule in the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) has been established to date. Another main objective of the study is to assess the success of the family rule in the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) in Pakistan. This research study is qualitative, descriptive, and historical, describing the politics of inheritance within the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) in the country. The study's findings reveal the true meaning of political dynasty, its advantages and drawbacks for its constituents. This study recommends that the government, education, and youth sectors promote an anti-individualistic campaign to transform voters' voting preferences so that the province and the country can be developed in a true sense. Keywords: Pakistan, Muslim League, Democracy, Politics. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17922870
THE FUTURE OF REFUGE: RETHINKING GLOBAL GOVERNANCE FOR A WORLD ON THE MOVE
This research paper attempts to examine the deepening crisis of the international refugee regime. The current system has been anchored by the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol. This system is now outdated. It further faces severe strain. In the context it is ridden by complex, multi-causal displacement driven by intersecting forces. These forces have included persistent conflict. They have also encompassed the escalating impacts of climate change. Another factor has been pervasive societal violence. Finally, severe economic distress has further contributed to the crisis. The article, therefore, has argued that the existing framework has become fundamentally ill-suited for contemporary realities. It perpetuates a cycle of short term crisis response. It also perpetuates profoundly inequitable responsibility sharing among states. Furthermore, it leads to the steady erosion of protection standards and fundamental rights. Through a qualitative policy analysis, this paper examines the core systemic failures. These include widespread state non-compliance with core principles. They also include the deliberate narrowing of legal protection spaces. A critical finding that has emerged is the acute hosting responsibility disparity that exists between global North and South. The paper has, therefore, posits that incremental reform is no longer a viable path. Instead, the present study advocates for a foundational rethinking of global governance architecture. This rethinking must be based on principles of equitable responsibility sharing and mobility justice. It also requires the creation of adaptive, forward looking protection mechanisms. The discussion explores several transformative governance models. These include the development of a new binding framework on responsibility sharing. Another is the formal expansion of protection categories to include climate displaced persons. A third has been the strategic integration of humanitarian pathway(s) into broader global migration governance systems. The conclusion is therefore, clear and urgent. Without such paradigmatic shifts, the institution of asylum would risks being further rendered obsolete. It may be replaced by further fragmented and often harmful state practices. These practices have failed in order to uphold the basic dignity and rights of the people compelled to leave their homes. The implications for international order and human security therefore have become severe. Keywords: Refugee Governance, 1951 Refugee Convention, Responsibility Sharing, Climate Displacement, Mobility Justice, Global Compact On Refugees, Asylum, Forced Migration, International Law
Leadership Styles and School Effectiveness: Evaluating Their Role in Promoting Quality Education in Pakistan
This study is an exploration of the connection between leadership styles and the effectiveness of schools in advancing quality education in educational institutions of Pakistan. The research used a structured questionnaire with 40 items for data collection, which was administered to teachers and school administrators from the entire Punjab. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, for instance, frequency distributions, independent sample t-tests, and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The results showed that among other things, the two leadership styles of transformational and instructional have a significant impact on the motivation of teachers, the school climate, and total academic outcomes, whereas the transactional leadership type revealed the least influence. The research underlines the message that successful leadership facilitates the interplay of co-operative learning, innovation and being accountable which in turn leads to the organization's efficiency. It also argues the important qualities associated with professional development scenarios that aid in the evolution of a visionary and participatory leadership approach. Such research outcomes are extremely valuable for policymakers, school administrators, and educators as they are the ones who bring about changes in leadership style and thus are the instrument for making reforms towards sustainable quality education in Pakistan. Keywords: Leadership styles, school effectiveness, transformational leadership, quality education, Pakistan.
تفسیر ابن کثیر اور تفسیر فی ظلال القرآن میں دعوتی رجحان کا تقابلی جائزہ
Islamic da‘wah (propagation of Islam) is that fundamental pillar of the faith which, from the dawn of Islam until today, has always remained prominent in both its spiritual and practical significance. With the passage of time, its methods, priorities, and practical requirements have continued to evolve, and this transformation is clearly reflected in the Qur’anic exegesis, as every commentator interprets the Qur’an in light of his intellectual background, ideological inclination, and the social and cultural circumstances of his era. Among these, Tafseer Ibn Kathir and Fi Ẓilāl al-Qur’an occupy a distinctive place, representing, respectively, the classical and the modern trends of da‘wah. Ibn Kathir’s exegesis mirrors the intellectual and scholarly environment of the fourteenth century, in which da‘wah is presented through didactic, educational, and moral perspectives, grounded upon the Qur’an, Hadith, the reports of the Companions, and the opinions of jurists. He emphasizes admonition and moral instruction, especially through the stories and accounts of past nations. In contrast, Sayyid Qutb’s Fi Ẓilāl al-Qur’an reflects the intellectual and revolutionary temperament of the twentieth century, wherein the Qur’an is not confined to a moral code or religious teaching alone, but is introduced as a comprehensive constitution of life and a revolutionary manifesto through which social justice, intellectual freedom, and socio-political transformation can be realized. The present study offers a comparative analysis of the da‘wah-oriented tendencies of these two exegetical works, in order to demonstrate how both classical and contemporary exegetes have highlighted the da‘wah dimension of the Qur’an in their respective contexts, and how, in today’s world, these approaches can be synthesized to form a balanced model of da‘wah. The aim of this study is to preserve the traditional scholarly legacy while at the same time addressing the intellectual and cultural challenges of the modern age effectively, thus providing Islamic movements and contemporary societies with a framework that fulfills both academic and intellectual requirements as well as offers guidance in the practical realm. It is precisely this need that underlies the present comparative examination of da‘wah trends in Tafseer Ibn Kathir and Fi Ẓilāl al-Qur’an, which is hereby placed before the scholarly community. Keywords: Da‘wah, Qur’anic Exegesis, Tafseer Ibn Kathir, Fi Ẓilāl al-Qur’an, Sayyid Qutb, classical Interpretation, Modern iInterpretation, Comparative Study, Islamic thought, Socio-Political Reform, Islamic Movements.
GENDER INEQUALITY IN PAKISTAN: IMPACT ON WOMEN’S INHERITANCE RIGHTS
Gender inequality in Pakistan remains most evident when it comes to women and their limited right to inheritance in the country, despite the existence of Quranic injunctions and the law on their safeguard. The second reason is that this issue cannot be described only as the lack of thorough legislation because it is not just a part of the law system that cannot cover all the aspects of the social world and every individual. Such denial or dilution of a woman in the perspective of inheritance occurs due to firmly rooted patriarchal principles, socio-cultural demands, and institutional constraints that restrict all means to implement it. Based on legal provisions, policy statements, and current commentaries in the literature, the paper uses a qualitative review approach to explore how cultural practices, lack of strong institutional systems, and less attention to the legal provisions hinder women's effective control of property. The article evolved through critically synthesizing the academic literature, judicial decisions, and policy interventions to find that the existing problem of the law-practice gap can only be truly resolved by improving the implementation of the law and by transforming the culture. Keywords: Inequality, Gender, Inheritance Rights
BLENDED LEARNING AS A PEDAGOGICAL STRATEGY: EXPLORING STUDENT PERCEPTIONS AND LEARNING OUTCOMES AT THE GRADUATE LEVEL
This study investigates blended learning as a pedagogical strategy by examining graduate students’ perceptions of its challenges and its impact on academic achievement. The primary objectives were to explore the difficulties faced by students in blended learning environments and to assess how such instructional methods influence their learning outcomes. A quantitative research approach was employed, and data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to a sample of 100 graduate learners from Multan. The questionnaire measured students’ experiences regarding technical, academic, and social challenges, as well as the perceived effectiveness of blended learning in enhancing knowledge acquisition, critical thinking, and motivation. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26, and descriptive statistics, including mean scores and standard deviations, were calculated to interpret students’ responses. The findings reveal that students generally perceive blended learning positively, highlighting its contribution to improved academic performance, better understanding of course content, and enhanced independent learning skills, despite facing challenges such as technical issues, time management difficulties, and occasional social isolation. High mean scores indicate that students acknowledge the effectiveness of blended learning in promoting cognitive and motivational benefits. These results align with prior research demonstrating the advantages of blended instructional approaches in higher education. The study concludes that blended learning is a valuable pedagogical strategy for graduate-level education, and it recommends institutional interventions to address technological and instructional challenges to maximize student learning outcomes. Keywords: Blended learning, Graduate students, Academic achievement, Student perceptions, Quantitative research, SPSS analysis, Pedagogical strategy.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ADJUSTMENT PROBLEM, EMOTIONAL REGULATION AND SELF-COMPASSION AMONG SCHOOL AND COLLEGE TEACHERS
This study explored the differences in adjustment problem, emotional regulation and self-compassion among 200 school and college teachers using a cross-sectional quantitative comparative design. Standardized scales were used to measure all the variables .The results indicated that school and college teachers significantly differ on the adjustment problems (t (143.86) = −2.72, p = .007) and self-compassion (t (158) = −2.30, p = .023). However, there wasn’t a difference in their emotional regulation (t (62.91) = 0.83, p = 0.409). Overall, the findings highlights that college teachers experience greater psychological adjustment issues compare to school teachers. Further, college teachers also demonstrate stronger self-compassion. The results emphasize the need of targeted support groups to improve the adjustment and emotional well-being, especially for educators.
NUTRITIONAL INEQUALITIES IN CHILDREN: A REVIEW OF HOW SOCIOECONOMIC POLICIES IN PAKISTAN SHAPE ANATOMY AND GROWTH
Malnutrition is a global issue which means either too much intake of nutrients or fewer intake which further causes physical and mental problems in both early and later life. Under-nutrition means less consumption of nutritious diet that lacks in calories, carbohydrates, proteins and micronutrients. This can cause permanent effects in later life if deficiency occurs in pregnancy period or in first 1000 days of children’s life. Sometimes it may be because of high food prices or food insecurity. PEM (kwashiorkor and marasmus) and micronutrient deficiencies are the severe forms of under-nutrition can cause detrimental effects. On the other side, the problem of obesity as over-nutrition is also emerging in developing countries. Early nutrition pattern plays an important role in long term health. In 2013, 51 million children were wasted majorly in Asia and Africa. 99 million children affected with problem of under-weight and 42 million children being overweight globally in 2013. Gender, education, income also plays crucial role in accessing the nutritional care and healthy option. In Pakistan there was 44.15% prevalence of malnutrition especially in rural areas because of low resources and lack of infrastructure with limited access to health. Sindh and Balochistan have higher rate of malnutrition because of low resources. Maternal education and income also impact the child’s health as she knows how to run house by taking right decisions. Infant and young child feeding practices with exclusive breastfeeding reduces the rate and risk of malnutrition. To address these issues in Pakistan, government launched different programs including BNP and Ehsaas program providing cash payments with supplements and awareness sessions as well. Later these programs have positive impacts and results in country when compared with areas without these programs. Another program started called basic and economical food basket which assess the food preferences, average income, household sizes and then provide food baskets with adequate foods. Study highlights the quick need of maternal education, equal access to nutritious and safe food for low HDS population. Check and balance on working programs, helping small industries to get better quality of food and spreading awareness about importance of early nutrition and health. Keywords: Infant nutrition, Malnutrition, Growth, Socioeconomic policy, Inequalities, Maternal education
ANALYSIS OF SECOND YEAR ENGLISH TEXTBOOK WITH RESPECT TO ETHICAL VALUES AT HIGHER SECONDARY LEVEL
This Study aims to analyze the second-year English textbook at the higher secondary level with respect to ethical values. The core objective of the study was to find out ethical values reflected in the second year textbook of English developed by the Punjab Textbook Board in the light of the National Curriculum 2006. This study was conducted by using Qualitative Content Analysis research design. The data was collected from the second year English textbook of the higher secondary level. Data was tabulated and analyzed with the help of thematic analysis. Major findings and conclusions of the study revealed that some of the ethical values as honesty and equity, were not incorporated properly. Whereas the contents about “tolerance” were barely found in the English textbook. Majorly, it was found that content about “humanism” was found at a satisfactory level, and the content about “equity” was less in quantity. It was also noted that the value “justice” was fairly treated in the text and themes of the English textbook. It was also found that, to some extent value “honesty” was reflected in the contents. The conclusion of the study showed that in some places, ethical values were reflected in the contents of the English textbooks of higher secondary level. Keywords: Ethical values, National Curriculum, Honesty, Tolerance, Humanism, Equity, Justice, Honesty.
DIGITAL MEDIA, DEMOCRATIC ENGAGEMENT, AND CULTURAL CONTEXT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL MEDIA’S INFLUENCE ON POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN INDIA AND PAKISTAN
This study examines the role of social media in shaping political engagement in Pakistan and India; focusing on how digital platforms influence political awareness, trust in political content, and active participation in civic and electoral processes. Grounded in the frameworks of electoral integrity and political culture, the study investigates the relationships between social media usage patterns, political awareness through social media, trust in political content, and political engagement, while also considering the mediating effect of public perception of politicians and the moderating influence of cultural context. A quantitative research design was employed with a purposive sample of 500 participants, including graduate and postgraduate students, faculty members, and administrative personnel from multiple universities in Pakistan and India. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, regression analysis, correlation, factor analysis, and mediation and moderation analyses. Findings reveal that social media usage, political awareness, trust in political content, and its influence on voting behavior significantly predict political engagement. Public perception of politicians mediates the impact of social media on participation, and cultural context moderates these effects, with Indian participants showing comparatively higher responsiveness to social media-driven political mobilization. The study concludes that social media is a pivotal tool for political mobilization, but its influence depends on users’ trust, awareness, and sociocultural environment. Enhancing media literacy, ensuring transparency in online political content, and developing context-sensitive engagement strategies are essential for fostering informed and active political participation. These insights provide valuable guidance for policymakers, civil society, and digital platforms aiming to strengthen democratic engagement in the digital era. Keywords: Social Media Influence; Political Participation; Digital Democracy; Cultural Context; Voting Behavior; Public Trust; Pakistan; India.
THE EFFECTIVE USE OF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS IN ENGLISH CLASSROOMS AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSROOMS: A STUDY WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR INSTRUCTION
A creative and diverse teacher is essential in EFL lessons. Teaching gets difficult when textbooks contain a lot of interactive exercises. Students are greatly inspired by the widespread use of audio, video, and technologically enhanced materials. However, a detailed assessment of the resources and instructional tools used in the classroom reveals numerous problems with EFL teaching and learning environments. This study was conducted to find out students’ perspective on the usefulness of audio-visual aids in English classes at American Language and Computer Center (ALC). Findings of the study give insights on EFL students’ approach to using technological aids. Keywords: EFL, Audio-visual, Teaching, Learning
THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON HR DECISION - MAKING: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming Human Resource (HR) decision-making by automating routine tasks, enhancing predictive analytics, and enabling strategic workforce planning. This study investigates the impact of AI on HR functions, exploring the opportunities it presents, the challenges faced during implementation, and the ethical considerations associated with its use. A mixed-method approach was employed, surveying 200 HR professionals, line managers, and employees, supplemented with qualitative insights. Findings indicate that AI significantly improves efficiency, accuracy, and talent identification; however, challenges such as algorithmic bias, lack of transparency, and resistance from employees persist. Ethical concerns regarding fairness, accountability, and data privacy were identified as critical barriers to responsible AI adoption. The study underscores the importance of governance frameworks, human oversight, and employee engagement to maximize AI’s benefits while minimizing risks. Implications for policy and organizational practice are discussed. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Human Resource Management, Decision-Making, Ethical Considerations, AI Adoption, HR Technology
This research paper attempts to examine the deepening crisis of the international refugee regime. The current system has been anchored by the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol. This system is now outdated. It further faces severe strain. In the context it is ridden by complex, multi-causal displacement driven by intersecting forces. These forces have included persistent conflict. They have also encompassed the escalating impacts of climate change. Another factor has been pervasive societal violence. Finally, severe economic distress has further contributed to the crisis. The article, therefore, has argued that the existing framework has become fundamentally ill-suited for contemporary realities. It perpetuates a cycle of short term crisis response. It also perpetuates profoundly inequitable responsibility sharing among states. Furthermore, it leads to the steady erosion of protection standards and fundamental rights. Through a qualitative policy analysis, this paper examines the core systemic failures. These include widespread state non-compliance with core principles. They also include the deliberate narrowing of legal protection spaces. A critical finding that has emerged is the acute hosting responsibility disparity that exists between global North and South. The paper has, therefore, posits that incremental reform is no longer a viable path. Instead, the present study advocates for a foundational rethinking of global governance architecture. This rethinking must be based on principles of equitable responsibility sharing and mobility justice. It also requires the creation of adaptive, forward looking protection mechanisms. The discussion explores several transformative governance models. These include the development of a new binding framework on responsibility sharing. Another is the formal expansion of protection categories to include climate displaced persons. A third has been the strategic integration of humanitarian pathway(s) into broader global migration governance systems. The conclusion is therefore, clear and urgent. Without such paradigmatic shifts, the institution of asylum would risks being further rendered obsolete. It may be replaced by further fragmented and often harmful state practices. These practices have failed in order to uphold the basic dignity and rights of the people compelled to leave their homes. The implications for international order and human security therefore have become severe. Keywords: Refugee Governance, 1951 Refugee Convention, Responsibility Sharing, Climate Displacement, Mobility Justice, Global Compact On Refugees, Asylum, Forced Migration, International Law https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17876550
ROLE OF PARENTS IN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY LEARNERS
This research study was conducted to explore the role of parents in social development of early learners. The study was based on the following objectives; to identify the social skills of early graders, and to investigate parent practices used for social development of their children. The study was conducted on parents (both mother and father) and their children studying in early childhood education at ten schools in Channi Goth, Tehsil Ahmedpur East, District Bahawalpur. Likert scale questionnaire was used to collect the data from the parents. The researcher administered questionnaire personally and the response rate was hundred percent. The researcher visited the early childhood class rooms to get social skills data from the children by observation. Additionally, this research study examined the frequency, mean, and standard deviation. The researcher developed observation sheet to test these strategies in natural setting. The observation sheet has two main options, yes and no which were designed to validate the given strategies. The observation results by the researcher revealed that children have some areas of strength in their social skills development, but they have difficulty in a number of areas of understanding and following rules, comprehending and respecting the rights of others, and responding positively to social cues from peers. The results of parent’s response regarding child’s social skills development suggest that parents have positive perceptions, and feel that their child is cheerful and understands people’s social cues, and doesn’t feel difficulty behaving and understanding the feelings of peers. On the other hand, the results of parent’s practices regarding social skills development indicated that parents generally supportive of their children's social skills development by volunteering their time and involving in their children's education and social activities. It is suggested that parents need to evaluate their parenting practices for social skills development in children. The government also needs to take some action to establish a promising environment in school and at home to develop healthy social skills among students. Keywords: Parental engagement, Early childhood, Parental support and behavior, Parent-child relationship and social competence
POSTCOLONIAL NEGOTIATIONS OF LANGUAGE: ANALYZING APPROPRIATION TECHNIQUES IN BLASPHEMY
The twentieth century witnessed intense political ruptures as colonized nations sought independence, geographically, culturally, and intellectually from European empires. Language, as one of the most enduring colonial legacies, remained central to these struggles. This study analyzes Blasphemy (1998) by Pakistani writer TehminaDurrani as a significant postcolonial text that tactically appropriates English to articulate local culture, indigenous sensibilities, and socio-religious experiences. Drawing on key postcolonial theorists such as Ashcroft, Tiffin, Griffiths, Kachru, NgũgĩwaThiong’o, Fanon, and Said, the study identifies and interprets Durrani’s use of glossing, syntactic fusion, untranslated words, code-switching, cultural redefinition, translation equivalence, indigenous metonymy, and an additional strategy local titles. Findings reveal that these strategies allow Durrani to preserve culturally embedded meanings that would otherwise be lost in translation, thereby resisting linguistic homogenization and asserting cultural specificity. The study contributes to scholarship on South Asian postcolonial writing by demonstrating how language appropriation functions as an act of cultural representation, resistance, and reclamation. Keywords: Postcolonial Literature, Language Appropriation, Linguistic Homogenization, Cultural Representation, Reclamation
THE 27TH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT AND FEDERATION OF PAKISTAN
The 27th constitutional amendment makes a landmark in the constitutional and political history of Pakistan. It has faced criticism from various circles of the society on account of the creation of the Federal Constitutional Courts, the transfer of judges, the office of the Chief of Defense Forces but a deep look in to it would provide the people with a sound judgment that nothing is wrong with the amendment. Research objective of the study is to analyze the 27th Constitutional Amendment with respect to the federation of Pakistan. In a federation like Pakistan, the passage of an amendment must require a 2/3rd majority, which it has observed. Main findings of the research testifies that the amendment would bear a deep imprint on the future politics of Pakistan as the main focus of the amendment is to adjudicate over constitutional issues pertaining to the federation and the provinces or amongst the provinces of the federation. Key Words: Amendment, Constitution, Federation, Judiciary