CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN PAKISTAN: A CASE STUDY OF MILITARY DE FACTO AUTHORITY IN POLITICAL AFFAIRS

Abstract

This enhanced study offers a comprehensive and nuanced analysis of Pakistan's civil-military relations, emphasizing the complex interplay of historical legacies, systemic institutional challenges, and evolving political landscapes. Building upon empirical data from 1947-2025, this paper evaluates the persistent dominance of Pakistan's military in political affairs through multiple analytical lenses: historical patterns, institutional dynamics, legislative developments, and contemporary governance mechanisms. Using expanded theoretical frameworks alongside detailed case studies, it examines critical indicators including defense budgeting trends, intelligence operations, civilian oversight mechanisms, and the extensive economic reach of military enterprises. The research reveals Pakistan's evolution from direct martial law periods (totaling approximately 33 years between 1958-2008) to sophisticated "hybrid authoritarianism" where military institutions shape governance behind a civilian façade. New empirical analysis demonstrates how recent legislative changes in 2024 have further institutionalized military authority while maintaining democratic appearances. Enhanced comparative perspectives with Turkey, Egypt, and Thailand provide contextual understanding of democratic transitions and military roles globally. This expanded version includes comprehensive annexes featuring detailed timelines, legislative texts, organizational charts, budget analysis tables, survey data on public perceptions, and comparative metrics. The study concludes with actionable policy recommendations targeting legislative reforms, institutional strengthening, and international engagement strategies to restore civilian supremacy and democratic accountability.